Anatomy of the Elbow
Before diving into cubitus varus and cubitus valgus, let’s briefly review the anatomy of the elbow joint. The elbow is a complex joint consisting of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), the radius, and the ulna (forearm bones). These bones come together to form the elbow joint, allowing for the flexion and extension of the forearm.
Understanding Cubitus Varus and Cubitus Valgus
Cubitus varus and cubitus valgus refer to abnormal angular deformities of the elbow joint. These conditions affect the alignment of the forearm in relation to the upper arm bone (humerus).
Cubitus Varus: In cubitus varus, the forearm deviates inward toward the body, causing a decreased carrying angle. The carrying angle is the angle formed between the humerus and the forearm bones when the arm is fully extended. Cubitus varus is often associated with a “gunstock deformity” appearance of the arm.
Cubitus Valgus: Conversely, cubitus valgus involves the forearm deviating outward away from the body, increasing the carrying angle.This condition can result in the appearance of an “outward bowing” of the arm.
Causes of Cubitus Varus and Cubitus Valgus
These conditions can develop due to various reasons, including:
Fractures: A fracture of the elbow or growth plate can lead to improper healing and result in cubitus varus or cubitus valgus.
Growth Plate Injury: Children are particularly susceptible to these conditions if they experience injuries to the growth plates near the elbow during their growth phase.
Genetic Factors: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing cubitus varus or valgus.
Symptoms
Patients with cubitus varus or cubitus valgus may experience the following symptoms:
- Visible deformity of the arm
- Limited range of motion in the elbow
- Pain and discomfort, especially during arm movement
- Difficulty with activities that require fine motor skills, such as writing or using utensils.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing cubitus varus or cubitus valgus typically involves a thorough medical evaluation, which may include:
Medical History: The doctor will inquire about the patient’s medical history and any previous injuries or surgeries.
Physical Examination: A physical examination of the elbow will be conducted to assess alignment, range of motion, and any signs of deformity.
Imaging Studies: X-rays or other imaging studies may be ordered to visualize the bones and assess the degree of deformity.
Growth Plate Evaluation (in children): For pediatric cases, assessing the growth plates is crucial in determining the appropriate treatment approach.
Treatment Options
The treatment of cubitus varus and cubitus valgus depends on the severity of the condition and the patient’s age. Treatment options include:
Observation: In mild cases, especially in adults, observation may be sufficient, as the deformity may not significantly impact function.
Physical Therapy: Physical therapy can help improve range of motion and strength in the affected arm.
Bracing: For children with growth plate injuries, bracing may be recommended to guide proper bone growth.
Surgical Intervention: In more severe cases, especially when there is significant pain or functional impairment, surgery may be required to correct the deformity. Surgical procedures can involve osteotomy (bone cuts) and realignment of the bones.
Remember that early intervention and proper care can make a significant difference in maintaining elbow function and overall quality of life.